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Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue.

High-grade natural turquoise: Also known as "gem quality" turquoise. This is the hardest grade and takes the best polish. Many mines produce stones with distinctive color or matrix whose origin can be identified by an experienced person.

Foutz enhanced turquoise: This is the common name for medium-grade turquoise treated by a proprietary process that impregnates and hardens the stone with vaporized quartz. The process will not work on low-grade "chalk" turquoise and is undetectable by normal testing methods.

Stabilized (treated) turquoise: This variety is treated with a plastic resin, which allows genuine but lower-grade turquoise to be used in jewelry. Most nugget and some rolled bead (heishi) products are made from real turquoise that has been stabilized. Even when a stone has been stabilized, its color can be changed over time by pollution, soap, skin lotion or oil.

Wax-treated turquoise: In the past, most of the turquoise from China was wax impregnated, a process that works like stabilization. Paraffin treatment only affects the surface. However, most Chinese turquoise is now stabilized with resin, since the Chinese turquoise producers have learned the process from American producers in recent years.

Reconstituted turquoise: Most "recon" turquoise is entirely manmade, although sellers of imitation plastic block material often describe their product as "reconstituted" (turquoise powder mixed with small pieces of stone, blue dye and plastic binder). Most products marketed under this name should really be labeled as imitation turquoise block. The use of powdered turquoise is uncommon today.

Block turquoise: A mixture of plastic resin and dyes that is produced in loaf-sized blocks. This turquoise contains no actual rock of any sort. Swirls of black dye are added to simulate matrix. Block is used heavily for inlay, heishi and beads. It is sometimes mistakenly called "reconstituted."

Compressed nugget: A mixture of small and large pieces of real turquoise bound together with resin and dyes. Viewing a cross-section of compressed nugget shows the edges of the individual chunks of stone.

Chalk turquoise: True chalk turquoise is soft, light colored turquoise that must be stabilized for use in jewelry. However, in recent years, chalk turquoise has become a common name for dyed magnesite (and possibly dolomite) products that are dyed to look like turquoise.